eyre/src/lib.rs

//! This library provides [`anyhow::Error`][Error], a trait object based error
//! type for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications.
//!
//! <br>
//!
//! # Details
//!
//! - Use `Result<T, anyhow::Error>`, or equivalently `anyhow::Result<T>`, as
//!   the return type of any fallible function.
//!
//!   Within the function, use `?` to easily propagate any error that implements
//!   the `std::error::Error` trait.
//!
//!   ```
//!   # pub trait Deserialize {}
//!   #
//!   # mod serde_json {
//!   #     use super::Deserialize;
//!   #     use std::io;
//!   #
//!   #     pub fn from_str<T: Deserialize>(json: &str) -> io::Result<T> {
//!   #         unimplemented!()
//!   #     }
//!   # }
//!   #
//!   # struct ClusterMap;
//!   #
//!   # impl Deserialize for ClusterMap {}
//!   #
//!   use anyhow::Result;
//!
//!   fn get_cluster_info() -> Result<ClusterMap> {
//!       let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?;
//!       let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?;
//!       Ok(map)
//!   }
//!   #
//!   # fn main() {}
//!   ```
//!
//! - Attach context to help the person troubleshooting the error understand
//!   where things went wrong. A low-level error like "No such file or
//!   directory" can be annoying to debug without more context about what higher
//!   level step the application was in the middle of.
//!
//!   ```
//!   # struct It;
//!   #
//!   # impl It {
//!   #     fn detach(&self) -> Result<()> {
//!   #         unimplemented!()
//!   #     }
//!   # }
//!   #
//!   use anyhow::{Context, Result};
//!
//!   fn main() -> Result<()> {
//!       # return Ok(());
//!       #
//!       # const _: &str = stringify! {
//!       ...
//!       # };
//!       #
//!       # let it = It;
//!       # let path = "./path/to/instrs.jsox";
//!       #
//!       it.detach().context("failed to detach the important thing")?;
//!
//!       let content = std::fs::read(path)
//!           .with_context(|| format!("failed to read instrs from {}", path))?;
//!       #
//!       # const _: &str = stringify! {
//!       ...
//!       # };
//!       #
//!       # Ok(())
//!   }
//!   ```
//!
//!   ```console
//!   Error: failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.jsox
//!
//!   Caused by:
//!       No such file or directory (os error 2)
//!   ```
//!
//! - Downcasting is supported and can be by value, by shared reference, or by
//!   mutable reference as needed.
//!
//!   ```
//!   # use anyhow::anyhow;
//!   # use std::fmt::{self, Display};
//!   # use std::task::Poll;
//!   #
//!   # #[derive(Debug)]
//!   # enum DataStoreError {
//!   #     Censored(()),
//!   # }
//!   #
//!   # impl Display for DataStoreError {
//!   #     fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
//!   #         unimplemented!()
//!   #     }
//!   # }
//!   #
//!   # impl std::error::Error for DataStoreError {}
//!   #
//!   # const REDACTED_CONTENT: () = ();
//!   #
//!   # let error = anyhow!("...");
//!   # let root_cause = &error;
//!   #
//!   # let ret =
//!   // If the error was caused by redaction, then return a
//!   // tombstone instead of the content.
//!   match root_cause.downcast_ref::<DataStoreError>() {
//!       Some(DataStoreError::Censored(_)) => Ok(Poll::Ready(REDACTED_CONTENT)),
//!       None => Err(error),
//!   }
//!   # ;
//!   ```
//!
//! - A backtrace is captured and printed with the error if the underlying error
//!   type does not already provide its own. In order to see backtraces, the
//!   `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable must be defined.
//!
//! - Anyhow works with any error type that has an impl of `std::error::Error`,
//!   including ones defined in your crate. We do not bundle a `derive(Error)`
//!   macro but you can write the impls yourself or use a standalone macro like
//!   [thiserror].
//!
//!   [thiserror]: https://github.com/dtolnay/thiserror
//!
//!   ```
//!   use thiserror::Error;
//!
//!   #[derive(Error, Debug)]
//!   pub enum FormatError {
//!       #[error("invalid header (expected {expected:?}, got {found:?})")]
//!       InvalidHeader {
//!           expected: String,
//!           found: String,
//!       },
//!       #[error("missing attribute: {0}")]
//!       MissingAttribute(String),
//!   }
//!   ```
//!
//! - One-off error messages can be constructed using the `anyhow!` macro, which
//!   supports string interpolation and produces an `anyhow::Error`.
//!
//!   ```
//!   # use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
//!   #
//!   # fn demo() -> Result<()> {
//!   #     let missing = "...";
//!   return Err(anyhow!("missing attribute: {}", missing));
//!   #     Ok(())
//!   # }
//!   ```
//!
//! <br>
//!
//! # Acknowledgements
//!
//! The implementation of the `anyhow::Error` type is originally forked from
//! `fehler::Exception` ([https://github.com/withoutboats/fehler][fehler]). This
//! library exposes it under the more standard `Error` / `Result` terminology
//! rather than the `throw!` / `#[throws]` / `Exception` language of exceptions.
//!
//! [fehler]: https://github.com/withoutboats/fehler

#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/anyhow/1.0.17")]
#![cfg_attr(backtrace, feature(backtrace))]
#![allow(
    clippy::needless_doctest_main,
    clippy::new_ret_no_self,
    clippy::wrong_self_convention
)]

#[macro_use]
mod backtrace;
mod context;
mod error;
mod kind;
mod macros;

#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
compile_error!("no_std support is not implemented yet");

use crate::error::ErrorImpl;
use std::error::Error as StdError;
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;

/// The `Error` type, a wrapper around a dynamic error type.
///
/// `Error` works a lot like `Box<dyn std::error::Error>`, but with these
/// differences:
///
/// - `Error` requires that the error is `Send`, `Sync`, and `'static`.
/// - `Error` guarantees that a backtrace is available, even if the underlying
///   error type does not provide one.
/// - `Error` is represented as a narrow pointer &mdash; exactly one word in
///   size instead of two.
pub struct Error {
    inner: ManuallyDrop<Box<ErrorImpl<()>>>,
}

/// Iterator of a chain of source errors.
///
/// This type is the iterator returned by [`Error::chain`].
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use anyhow::Error;
/// use std::io;
///
/// pub fn underlying_io_error_kind(error: &Error) -> Option<io::ErrorKind> {
///     for cause in error.chain() {
///         if let Some(io_error) = cause.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
///             return Some(io_error.kind());
///         }
///     }
///     None
/// }
/// ```
pub struct Chain<'a> {
    next: Option<&'a (dyn StdError + 'static)>,
}

/// `Result<T, Error>`
///
/// This is a reasonable return type to use throughout your application but also
/// for `fn main`; if you do, failures will be printed along with any
/// [context][Context] and a backtrace if one was captured.
///
/// `anyhow::Result` may be used with one *or* two type parameters.
///
/// ```rust
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// # const IGNORE: &str = stringify! {
/// fn demo1() -> Result<T> {...}
///            // ^ equivalent to std::result::Result<T, anyhow::Error>
///
/// fn demo2() -> Result<T, OtherError> {...}
///            // ^ equivalent to std::result::Result<T, OtherError>
/// # };
/// ```
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// # pub trait Deserialize {}
/// #
/// # mod serde_json {
/// #     use super::Deserialize;
/// #     use std::io;
/// #
/// #     pub fn from_str<T: Deserialize>(json: &str) -> io::Result<T> {
/// #         unimplemented!()
/// #     }
/// # }
/// #
/// # #[derive(Debug)]
/// # struct ClusterMap;
/// #
/// # impl Deserialize for ClusterMap {}
/// #
/// use anyhow::Result;
///
/// fn main() -> Result<()> {
///     # return Ok(());
///     let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?;
///     let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?;
///     println!("cluster info: {:#?}", map);
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
pub type Result<T, E = Error> = std::result::Result<T, E>;

/// Provides the `context` method for `Result`.
///
/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented for types outside of
/// `anyhow`.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use anyhow::{Context, Result};
/// use std::fs;
/// use std::path::PathBuf;
///
/// pub struct ImportantThing {
///     path: PathBuf,
/// }
///
/// impl ImportantThing {
///     # const IGNORE: &'static str = stringify! {
///     pub fn detach(&mut self) -> Result<()> {...}
///     # };
///     # fn detach(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
///     #     unimplemented!()
///     # }
/// }
///
/// pub fn do_it(mut it: ImportantThing) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
///     it.detach().context("failed to detach the important thing")?;
///
///     let path = &it.path;
///     let content = fs::read(path)
///         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read instrs from {}", path.display()))?;
///
///     Ok(content)
/// }
/// ```
///
/// When printed, the outermost context would be printed first and the lower
/// level underlying causes would be enumerated below.
///
/// ```console
/// Error: failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.jsox
///
/// Caused by:
///     No such file or directory (os error 2)
/// ```
pub trait Context<T, E>: context::private::Sealed {
    /// Wrap the error value with additional context.
    fn context<C>(self, context: C) -> Result<T, Error>
    where
        C: Display + Send + Sync + 'static;

    /// Wrap the error value with additional context that is evaluated lazily
    /// only once an error does occur.
    fn with_context<C, F>(self, f: F) -> Result<T, Error>
    where
        C: Display + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: FnOnce() -> C;
}

// Not public API. Referenced by macro-generated code.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod private {
    use crate::Error;
    use std::fmt::{Debug, Display};

    #[cfg(backtrace)]
    use std::backtrace::Backtrace;

    pub use crate::kind::{AdhocKind, TraitKind};

    pub fn new_adhoc<M>(message: M) -> Error
    where
        M: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Error::from_adhoc(message, backtrace!())
    }
}