Split implied and super predicate queries, then allow elaborator to filter only supertraits
Split the `super_predicates_of` query into a new `implied_predicates_of` query. The former now only returns the *real* supertraits of a trait alias, and the latter now returns the implied predicates (which include all of the `where` clauses of the trait alias). The behavior of these queries is identical for regular traits.
Now that the two queries are split, we can add a new filter method to the elaborator, `filter_only_self()`, which can be used in instances that we need only the *supertrait* predicates, such as during the elaboration used in closure signature deduction. This toggles the usage of `super_predicates_of` instead of `implied_predicates_of` during elaboration of a trait predicate.
This supersedes #104745, and fixes the four independent bugs identified in that PR.
Fixes#104719Fixes#106238Fixes#110023Fixes#109514
r? types
Support safe transmute in new solver
Basically copies the same implementation as the old solver, but instead of looking for param types, we look for type or const placeholders.
