linker: Refactor interface for passing arguments to linker
Separate arguments into passed to the underlying linker, to cc wrapper, or supported by both.
Also avoid allocations in all the argument passing functions.
The interfaces would look nicer if not the limitations on returning `&mut Self` in `dyn`-compatible traits, and unnecessary conflicts between `Trait` and `dyn Trait` methods.
try-job: armhf-gnu
try-job: aarch64-gnu
try-job: dist-x86_64-linux
try-job: x86_64-msvc
try-job: i686-msvc
try-job: dist-x86_64-apple
try-job: test-various
6b2e644218